U.S. Government Programs:

American Councils for International Education. The American Councils administers many programs for overseas language and culture study in all world regions except Western Europe, Canada and Australia/New Zealand. http://www.americancouncils.org/exTraining.php

Critical Language Scholarship Program.  Department of State intensive summer language institutes overseas for the study of critical languages and for cultural enrichment. Open to American undergraduate and graduate students. Languages include but are not limited to: Arabic, Azeri, Bangla/Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Turkish, and Urdu. http://www.clscholarship.org/ (Look under opportunities for U.S. Citizens)

Critical Language Enhancement Program (CLEA). Department of State program for U.S. Fulbright Student Program Grantees that provides three to six months of intensive language training before the Fulbright grant period begins. Open to Americans accepted to the Fulbright U.S. Student Program in China, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, or Russia, who intend to use one of the following languages in their Fulbright project: Arabic (all dialects), Bahasa Indonesian, Bangla/Bengali, Chinese , Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Russian, and Urdu.
https://us.fulbrightonline.org/clea.html.

Central Intelligence Agency Undergraduate Scholarship Program. Offers major-related career experience for undergraduate students, including foreign language majors. https://www.cia.gov/careers/student-opportunities/undergraduate-scholars...

Central Intelligence Agency Undergraduate/Graduate Co-Op Program. Seeks motivated undergraduate students pursuing degrees in a variety of liberal arts degree programs to work as Open Source Officers (OSO).
https://www.cia.gov/careers/student-opportunities/undergraduate-co-op-pr...

Clinton Scholars at the American University of Dubai. Study abroad at the American University in Dubai for students who show interest in being exposed to the Middle Eastern and Islamic cultures for the first time. http://www.aud.edu/Admissions/scholars_clinton.asp

Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship Programs. Department of Education. For graduate and undergraduate study of less commonly taught languages as part of a course of study.  Apply to the institution.  General information at:
http://www2.ed.gov/programs/iegpsflasf/awards.html
(See also "Global Competence Documentaries" at http://www.usglobalcompetence.org/)

Fulbright Program for U.S. Students. Grants are typically 9-12 months. Provides support for study/ research/ teaching in a single country. Grantees meet, work, live with and learn from the people of the host country, sharing daily experiences.
http://us.fulbrightonline.org/overview_program.html?page=us/overview_pro...

Gilman International Scholarship. Offers grants for U.S. citizen undergraduate students of limited financial means to pursue academic studies abroad. Students who apply for and receive the Gilman Scholarship to study abroad are now eligible to receive an additional Critical Need Language Supplement if their study abroad plans involve studying any of the following critical languages: Arabic (all dialects), Chinese (all dialects), Turkish, Persian, Languages of India and Pakistan, Korean, Russian.
http://www.iie.org/en/Programs/Gilman-Scholarship-Program

National Security Agency Summer Language Program. The Summer Language Program is an intensive 12-week intern program intended for high-potential college upperclassman and graduate students. It offers foreign language students the opportunity to sharpen their language skills in reading and listening to a professional level.
http://www.nsa.gov/careers/opportunities_4_u/students/undergraduate/slp....

National Security Agency Stokes Educational Scholarship Program. Stokes is open to high school seniors planning on majoring in computer science or com-puter/electrical engineering. College sophomores majoring in Persian Farsi are also invited to apply.
http://www.nsa.gov/careers/opportunities_4_u/students/stokes.shtml

National Security Education Program scholarships. Department of Defense undergraduate scholarships for study abroad in areas of the world that are critical to the U.S. and under-represented in study abroad programs, including Africa, Asia, Central & Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East, in conjunction with a college major in any field.
http://www.borenawards.org/boren_scholarship

National Security Education Program fellowships. Department of Defense graduate fellowships for study of critical languages to the professional level, in conjunction with graduate or professional study in any field.
http://www.borenawards.org/boren_fellowship

National Security Education Program Flagship Undergraduate Programs. Programs at more than 20 U.S. colleges and universities . Undergraduate Flagship Programs are generally designed as four-year programs that offer students from all majors an opportunity to achieve professional level language proficiency. In: African languages, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, Korean, Hindi, Urdu and Persian.
http://www.thelanguageflagship.org/undergraduate-programs

National Security Education Program Flagship Graduate Programs. Masters degree programs at four U.S. universities . The graduate program has two components: one domestic and one overseas. The first year involves intensive language study at a domestic Flagship Center. The second year is spent in an immersion program overseas, which is designed and managed by the domestic Flagship Institutions. While overseas students complete internships and direct enroll in classes taught in their Flagship language. Current languages are Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Persian and Russian. http://www.thelanguageflagship.org/graduate-programs

Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship. Provides funding to participants as they are prepared academically and professionally to enter the United States Department of State Foreign Service. The goal of the fellowship is to attract talented students in academic programs relevant to international affairs, political and economic analysis, administration, management, and science policy.
http://www.woodrow.org/higher-education-fellowships/foreign_affairs/pick...

Non-Government Programs:

American Foreign Policy Council Internships. Unpaid internship positions are available year round. Hours are flexible with interns expected to work a minimum of 20 hours per week. Candidates should have a strong interest in foreign policy and national security. Knowledge of Russian, Mandarin, Arabic or Farsi is helpful.
http://www.afpc.org/about_us/opportunity/1

American Institute for Yemeni Studies Fellow-ships. Offers fellowships for a 10-week intensive Arabic language program in Yemen.
http://www.aiys.org/fellowships.html

American Institute of Iranian Studies Persian Language Study in Tehran. AIIrS offers two-month fellowships for advanced language study in Tehran at the Dehkhoda Institute.
http://www.simorgh-aiis.org/

Center for Arabic Study Abroad. Offers intensive advanced level Arabic in Cairo, Egypt and Damascus, Syria. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/casa/

College Scholarships.Org. Scholarships are quite plentiful from federal sources to college scholarships. There is no limit to the career path for a foreign language major since nearly all fields require professionals versed in a foreign language.
http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/foreign-language.htm

Rachel Corrie Memorial Scholarship. For students dedicated to gaining a better understanding of the Middle East and to working, locally or internationally, to further Middle East peace. Areas of interest may include Arab culture and Arabic language, US Policy in the Middle East, and peace, justice, and conflict resolution studies.
http://rachelcorriefoundation.org/projects/scholarship

Ibn Battuta Merit Scholaship. Qalam wa Lawh Center for Arabic studies offers scholarships for intensive study of Modern Standard Arabic. The Ibn Battuta Merit Scholarships aim to reward students for excellence and dedication to the study of the Arabic language as well as promote the study of Arabic as a foreign language.
http://www.qalamcenter.com/Enrollment/IbnBattutaScholarships/tabid/260/D...

IES Excellence in a Foreign Language Scholarship. Open to students who excel in the study of one of the following foreign languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, or Spanish.
https://www.iesabroad.org/IES/Scholarships_and_Aid/Merit_Based/languageS...

Ministry of Education Huayu Enrichment Scholarship. This scholarship provides funding for students who want to study Mandarin at a university- or college-affiliated Mandarin training center in Taiwan.
http://www.moetwdc.org/english/

St. John Fisher College Foreign Language Scholarship. Each year, St. John Fisher College offers two Foreign Language Scholarships to high school seniors. These scholarships recognize achievement in foreign language as a sound preparation for college work.
http://www.sjfc.edu/admissions/freshman/scholarships/foreign-language.dot

Corinne Jeannine Schillings Foundation. To provide financial assistance to young women who are pursuing undergraduate college degrees in the study of languages, or who are studying in a foreign country as enrichment for their undergraduate college program.
http://www.cjsfoundation.org/html/about_us.html